https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-68288-0_3

• When a human user is interacting with a chatbot that is imitating human behaviour, they may infer personality traits from its language and response style, as well as from other anthropomorphic cues such as visual representations of the chatbot, including non-verbal behaviours like animated facial expressions and gestures. Additionally, agents with voice capabilities have other features including tone, pitch, and cadence that may influence user perception by cuing gender, age, and other perceived identity markers.
• There are different ways to express personality:
  • Visual cues such as animated facial expressions or body language.
  • Lexical features such as the number of words or characters used per turn
  • Syntactic features such as the use of emoticons or expressive punctuation can be used to convey emotion or sentiment.
  • Turn-taking features include turn duration and answer time, which will vary markedly for the user and the chatbot.
• The use of an avatar can both positively or negatively impact how users perceive a chatbot, even before they interact with it: Female-coded agents are treated more poorly than malecoded agents, they are more likely to be stereotyped and receive abusive messages.
• Agent personality impacts user experience and thus is an important design consideration.

https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3563659.3563666

• In order to be accepted, the agent’s personality must be tailored to its role as well as the user’s preferences for the agent’s behavior.
• Personality preferences are diverse: the task context plays a key role for whether a similar or opposing personality is preferred. But since there is no one true approach for configuring personality just right, enabling a computer system to dynamically adapt to its user is necessary for ensuring effective collaboration between humans and machines.
• The term Personality refers to an individual’s behavior patterns that can be observed in a wide range of contexts, or their disposition to respond in a certain way when they find themselves in a particular situation.

• Similarity attraction theory suggests that people would be most compatible with similar personalities, the complementarity theory suggests that people are more compatible with dissimilar personalities (”opposites attract”).
• Since neither similarity attraction nor complementarity are universally applicable, other researchers have focused on the underlying interaction goals and personal motivations:
  • A person’s goal can be related to status or affiliation, and that frustration arises when the other party misinterprets that goal.
    • a person might talk about a problem seeking either guidance (status-based motive) or comfort (affiliation-based motive). The interaction breaks down if they receive something different from what they expected.
  • People are compatible with others who reinforce their positive traits (such as two friends high in agreeableness) or compensate for a deficit in one trait (such as introverted people being friends with extroverted persons).

• Personality can be expressed with multiple communication channels due to the flexibility of today’s virtual agents and social robots:
  • Linguistic content: strong language, assertions and commands to express high confidence vs. weaker language, questions and suggestions to express low confidence; to make the computer appear either dominant or submissive.
  • Paralinguistic behavior: synthesized voices indicate extraversion with faster speech rate, higher pitch and volume, and wider range of tone; in contrast, slower speech rate, lower pitch and volume, and smaller range of tone indicates introversion.
  • Gestures/Posture: gestures vary in amplitude, speed, frequency, and more. Wide spread limbs, wider movement and movement towards the observer for extraversion, and limbs closer to the body and less freely gestures for introversion.
  • Gaze behaviour: agents turning their head upwards were perceived as more extraverted and less agreeable than those lowering their gaze.
  • Turn-taking patterns: starting to speak later and yielding to interruptions sooner are signs of an introverted and submissive character, whereas agents which interrupt the other party and continue to talk over them appear extraverted and dominant.

Adaptation is used for manipulating an agent’s behaviors in order to express a personality which is best for the individual user.

Interaction distance, gaze and smile, motion speed, timing, gesture and posture, and laughter (ECG, EEG) are used in various contexts as feedback for social agents.

How to determine the right level of sensitivity for a multitude of social signals in interactive conversational settings?

Showing appropriate emotional responses to events, that affect a character’s goals, is important for making their behavior believable and consequently engaging for the user.

Big 5 personality traits

Extraversion: activity level, dominance, sociability, expressiveness, and positive emotionality.

Agreeableness: trust, altruism, compliance, modesty, and tender mindedness

http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15051

• Personas are an effective tool in human-AI interaction to identify and differentiate between user groups and their needs.
• Users are grouped based on their skills and knowledge:
  • Practitioners are people who are experts in building and using AI/ML systems
  • Domain experts are the people who are experts in the problem domain
  • Novices are users without much knowledge about the AI concepts or problem domain.
• Users ask more questions through text-based input than voicebased input.

• The application interfaces in AI can be diverse ranging from simple text prompts to automated AR/VR experiences requiring more practical contexts.
• Interfaces are generally designed to match the goals that users want to achieve
• Interfaces are categorized into four dimensions, e.g., instructing (teaching), conversing, exploring (evaluating), and manipulating (insights). Conversing has been an established method of interaction with intelligent systems built upon a perception of communicating with others through conversations.
• Conversational interfaces can be used to impersonate experts. For instance, marketing companies often employ chatbots to persuade people to think they are interacting with an expert .